Understanding nonlinear and synergistic effects of the built environment on urban vibrancy in metro station areas

Abstract Transit-oriented development (TOD) has long been recognized as a significant model for prospering urban vibrancy. However, most studies on TOD and vibrancy do not consider temporal differences or the nonlinear effects involved. This study applies gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) to metro station areas in Wuhan explore synergistic of built-environment features during different times. The results show that (1) around stations differ over time; (2) critical affecting are leisure facilities, floor area ratio, commercial enterprises; (3) there approximately linear complex relationships between vibrancy; (4) suggest multimodal is more effective at leisure-dominated stations, high-density commercial-dominated mixed employment-oriented stations. findings improved planning recommendations organization rail transport improve areas.